roof that there is an alternative path to awakening that does not involve the jhṅnas. However, this reading ignores the description of how painful practice and pleasant practice can yield either slow or quick intuition. Intuition comes slowly when the five faculties are present in a weak form, and quickly when they are present in an intense form. Now, in both cases, the faculty of concentration—which is defined with the standard formula for the jhṅnas (SN 48:10)—has to be present for the ending of the effluents. Because this is true both for painful practice and for pleasant practice, both sorts of practice need jhṅna in order to succeed. See also: SN 8:4; SN 54:9; AN 10:29 - --> - - - -